We have looked at many different types of courtship and we have seen the different parts that convention plays in each one Essay Example For Students

We have looked at many different types of courtship and we have seen the different parts that convention plays in each one Essay We have looked at many different types of courtship and we have seen the different parts that convention plays in each one. We started off with Trianspotting and looked at the part that convention played when the lead character, Renton is trying to charm Diane. We see that Renton goes against all conventions and complements her on something other than her looks. He says: I was very impressed by the capable and stylish manner in which you dealt with that situation. In this instance Renton is somewhat unconventional in his courtship. His first remarks to Diane are unusually wordy and they fail to mention the one thing that he is struck by, namely, her appearance. His courtship at this stage is insincere. Diane brushes him off, as she is used to men chatting her up. Nevertheless, once Renton gets into the taxi with her, Diane takes the initiative and kisses Renton. In this courtship the messages are ambiguous. First she brushes him off, and then she kisses him. They have sex, and afterwards Renton says, Christ I havent felt that good since Archie Gemmil scored against Holland in 1978. This remark suggests that football and sex with a pretty girl are equally important in his life. I think that this is quite a convincing portrayal of courtship nowadays. We will write a custom essay on We have looked at many different types of courtship and we have seen the different parts that convention plays in each one specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The next morning Renton is shocked to see Diane wearing her school uniform. He realises that he had sex with an underage girl, and that means that he has committed a criminal act. Diane immediately takes the upper hand as Renton is so frightened off by the prospect of police action, theyd cut my balls off and flush them down the fucking toilet. Diane exploits her dominant position by blackmailing him into seeing her again. This courtship has one striking unconventional feature. Within a short space of time each person reverses his or her role: Diane wasnt keen to start the relationship but she wants to see him again; Renton tried to chat her up in the first place and now he is trying to escape. We also looked at a few extracts from Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. We first looked at the scene when Mr Bingley and his good friend Mr Darcy come to look at a vacant house near the Bennet house. When the extract starts we see Mrs. Bennet rush into the room where Mr. Bennet is sitting and announces that someone has moved into the vacant house across them. She says that it is a fine thing for our girls! this shows that Mrs. Bennet is not concerned much about the personality about the man but about how big his fortune is. When we meet Mr Bingley we can see that he is a nice man and he has a friend called Mr Darcy who has an even bigger fortune than Mr Bingley so he is now the front-runner for Mr and Mrs Bennets daughters. In this extract the convention of courtship could not be more different to what occurs in Trainspotting. In Pride and Prejudice the young ladies rely on their parents to make all of the introductions. Furthermore, the parents consider which men are considered eligible bachelors and which are not. In those days financial security was considered to be one of the most important factors. In Trainspotting the man and woman introduce themselves and have sex without even knowing each other. In Pride and Prejudice there is no mention whatsoever of sex, which presumably can only take place after marriage. Nevertheless, some conventions never change since Mr Darcy dismisses Elizabeth the moment he sets eyes upon her. Clearly, even in Jane Austens time women were judged in the first instance by their appearance. The relationship between Mr Darcy and Elizabeth at the first stage of their courtship is very restrained. He judges her and he is ascendant Trainspotting he judges her but then the girl quickly gains authority over Renton. Mr Collins proposal follows a textbook convention; as if he is following a manual. First he obtains Mrs Bennets permission to propose to Elizabeth. Then he sets out his reasons for marriage as if he were arranging a business transaction. In order to impress Elizabeth he refers to Lady Catherine de Bourgh a lot which shows his connections to the upper classes. .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .postImageUrl , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:hover , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:visited , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:active { border:0!important; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:active , .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7 .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc617e7decc4d40ebdc81c4f7c3c26ae7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frankenstein typical of the gothic genre EssayMr Collins proposal is most unconventional because he never says anything about Elizabeth. Furthermore it seems most unromantic to court a woman by asking her to consider her position when her father and mother die. It is difficult to imagine anything so different to how things develop in Trainspotting. When Elizabeth rejects Mr Collins, he returns to the beginning of his textbook and tries again to propose to Elizabeth but this time with a little more feeling but still as if he were following his manual. Mr Darcys proposal contains no talk of business and has more feeling. In a general sense Mr Darcy uses a more unconventional approach. Mr Darcys courtship is more complex, since on one hand he expresses himself with more feeling than Mr Collins, but on the other hand he addresses Elizabeth as if she were inferior. Furthermore, his courtship is unconventional due to their different social classes Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections? Mr Darcy is actually hypocritical in proposing to Elizabeth, since he had tried his utmost to prevent Mr Bingley from marrying Elizabeths sister on the grounds that Jane was socially inferior to Mr Bingley. It appears that there is one rule for Mr Bingley and another rule for Mr Darcy. I have no wish of denying, I did everything in my power to separate my friend from your sister, or that I rejoice in my success. In Pride and Prejudice it is evident from Mrs Bennets concern over her daughters that a woman who was still unmarried at the age of twenty-four was considered in danger of becoming a spinster. However, in Trainspotting it is clear from the age and status of Rentons friends that twenty-four years of age is still considered young and young and reasonable for an unmarried woman. In this sonnet by Drayton a different type of courtship is desired. Drayton follows the convention of expressing love in the form of a sonnet his purpose is to seduce a woman. He uses language most romantically Me thinks this time becommeth lovers best; He even uses the word ordaind to suggest that religion would not oppose them spending the night together. He talks about romantic subjects and how the night separates them and not about how the woman may not actually want to be with him at night. He has stuck to the convention of putting charming words and phrases in his sonnet such as returns unto his love to ensure that the woman will be seduced by the end of the sonnet. Drayton addresses the lady as Deere and the poem is written as if he is talking directly to his lover, this is just the kind of romantic intimacy that Shakespeare has inverted the usual sensual descriptions of a mistress so that her breasts are dun. Shakespeares rhyming scheme and use of iambic pentameter is the same as Draytons, yet it achieves the opposite effect. The very first line of Shakespeares sonnet is obviously a parody. My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun; It would be more conventional to write that, my mistress eyes are like the Sun. The word nothing in this context is entirely unromantic and unconventional for a sonnet. We then looked at Shakespeares sonnet that is conventional in form but quite unconventional in content, he talks about how the womans hair is as thick as wires and her breath reeks. He has written a parody of a normal sonnet and has turned the content around to demean of women. He has also stuck to the strict form for sonnets, as he wants it to be recognised as such. We also looked at Tony Kytes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Arch Deceiver this has a big shift in prospective as there is a narrator that is telling the story in first person. Which is different to all of the other pieces of prose that we looked at, in Trainspotting there was a narrator but it was not in first person and the extracts of Pride and Prejudice that we looked at were all in third person. This story is all in first person of the narrator and in third person of Tony. .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c , .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .postImageUrl , .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c , .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c:hover , .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c:visited , .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c:active { border:0!important; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c:active , .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69387559288645cb98b36b98a05a613c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ibsen's "A Doll's House", Act Two Scene 6 EssayThe story is very contradictory, Tony is a serious person but he is very interested in women and they do not take him very seriously we can know this when the narrator says he loved them in shoals. When Tony is finally fixed down he if fixed with Milly, who sound very gullible and naÃÆ' ¯ve, she has been taken in by Tonys promise of marriage. Just as in Pride and Prejudice, all of the women mentioned all look good, it seems that all of the women have been primarily judged by their looks, handsome girl is used to describe Tonys ex girlfriend Unity. When the story journey starts unity is the first girl that we meet and we see that she is quite a nice looking girl and the narrator mentions that Tony used to go out with her and was close to marrying her. When she goes into the carriage she instantly starts questioning Tony about his choice. We can see that Tony is quite affected by Unitys looks, he let his eyes light on her this shows that he may be reconsidering his marriage proposal to Milly. When he sees Milly walking down the road he suddenly asks Unity to get into the back of the carriage and in return he tells her that he may reconsider his proposal to Milly. We then see that one of Tonys first girlfriends is walking down the road and she asks for a lift. The only way that he was able to get Milly in the back of the carriage in the empty sack was to use their marriage and his proposal as a bargaining tool Now, Milly would you do me a favour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" my coming wife as I may say? The reason that they accept this is that they will have a husband and for this they will do anything. When he tells Hannah that he may marry her and break things off with Milly. Milly hears this and starts to make noises as if it were to warn Tony that she is there and he should not say anything like that. n the next part Tony starts to wonder why he ever thought of asking Milly or Unity to marry him as Hannah is so attractive. Even now the appearance counts for most of the decision in which woman Tony wants to marry. Tony is very conventional as he knows exactly what the woman wants to hear and he uses this fully to his advantage. This story captures properly the excitement of youth romance and how it is based on looks and not on personality. When we get the first description of Milly it says that she is described as light and small which are not the best descriptions for an attractive woman. Tony is able to juggle with the three women in his wagon quite well as he lasts quite a long time without them even noticing each other with this the reader is always left guessing what will happen next in the minute of the story. We can see that the courtship that has taken place is quite unconventional as the girl that Tony finally marries has accepted him after all of the other girls have declined him and she has no spirit and says yes to him. That was the last piece that we looked at and I can see that convention plays a very big part in courtship as it can be used well to your advantage Tony and it can be used very badly Mr Collins.

The Life of Henry Ford essays

The Life of Henry Ford essays The nineteen hundreds were a difficult time for most people living in the United States. The railroad was the biggest employer in the country. Most people living in this time period were poor. They were sharecroppers who still lived on their former masters land or freed slaves who had little or no education. Even though it was a difficult time quite a few of the technologies we enjoy today, were invented in the early nineteen hundreds. Henry Ford was one of the great inventors of that difficult time period. The oldest of six children Ford was born July 30, 1863 on a farm near Dearborn, Michigan. Ford attended a one-room schoolhouse until he was fifteen years old. While attending school he developed a strong dislike for farm work and a fascination for machinery. Ford left his family in 1879 and moved to Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist. Ford remained working as an apprentice machinist for three years, then returned to Dearborn to help out with the farm work. While at home he still found ways to work with engines and machinery, he often operated and repaired steam engines. Ford then moved back to Detroit were he became chief engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company. Although Fords father wanted him to be a farmer and offered him forty acres of land Ford continued his work with machinery. In 1888 Ford married Clara Bryant, the daughter of a neighboring farmer in Dearborn. Mrs. Ford took an active part in her husbands experiments with engines. Some of the first tests of Fords trial engines were made in the family kitchen, with Mrs. Ford checking the engines oil supply. While working for the Edison Illuminating Co. Ford designed and built and automobile in his home workshop. By mounting a gasoline engine on a four-wheeled carriage body. The car did not look impressive at all. The body shook when the two-cylinder engine was running. The car was steered by a le ...

Angle of Vision

I see and hear many things happening around me. I am close to many other people and the doorways to various stores. As the people walk by me there Is a small gust of wind from behind them that feels like when a car drives by you on the road. This place Is so very calm. A few people sit down next to me, and they all chat quietly while drinking Struck. Everyone that is walking through the lounge and talking with their friends seems to be having a good time Just hanging out.Most people are smiling. I hear people whispering and laughing. One student walks quickly with an unhappy look on his face. Some people are sitting here listening to their pod and studying. The quiet buzz from their pods is calming. With everything going on in this one single room it still seems very quiet and peaceful to This room Is so noisy I cant even stand to be In here. Someone spilled their drink all over the floor. It made a huge mess. It looks Like It has Just rained Inside the building since there Is a huge puddle now.Some of the drink landed on the wall and Is now running down the wall Just Like a drop of rain. It has gotten really noisy with any people walking through to go to dinner. They are stomping down the stairs as a herd of elephants would walk through the plains. Someone gets bumped when they are walking down the stairs and yells. People are talking loudly to their friends and laughing. As the crowd of people move downstairs not many people are left. Most people are starting to leave.There are very few people in here now and most are headed to their room to go to study, relax, or sleep. The quiet is so different from all of the noise earlier. Analysis I decided to use Sheen Lounge as my observation spot because It seemed Like a alma and place to sit where I could observe the surroundings. There are many businesses, people, and places to sit inside Morris so it felt as a very dominant place to make observations. With people going through here to go to lunch or dinner or just to go to classes it was an extremely busy setting.I used a several different strategies in my essays. I used figurative language in my essay quite frequently. When I talked about someone spilling their drink all over the floor and it running down the wall, I said that it looked like it had rained all over the room. I also used a simile in my essay. When I talked about how it got really noisy inside this certain room I said it sounded like a herd of elephants walking through the plains. In my positive view I used the couches as my focus point. This Is where I sat and observed everything that happened.As I said In my positive view everyone walking through with their friends having a good time was also another focus point for me. Another example is the unhappy student. This is an example of word choice. Noise it almost seemed impossible to focus on what I was doing at the time. Now that I look back on it I dont know how people do homework in the lounge during the day. I used a good example or word choice in my negative view. I said that it has gotten really noisy and it sounds like elephants running through the plains.This gives me a very vivid visual picture in my mind. Now that my views are stated I want to end by saying that the Sheen Lounge is not the best place to observe or the best place to do anything except be loud and playful. Using sentence structure, word choice and simile shows exactly what you want the audience to see. By changing around a word it could be taken as positive or negative. In conclusion you always have to capture a mental picture for your audience, otherwise they wont know what you are talking about.

12 angry men film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

12 angry men film analysis - Essay Example The movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† (1957) by Brian Rathjen, deals with a case of capital murder involving a youth of Spanish- American dissent. The chief premise of this movie is to prove his guilt or innocence in front of a deliberating jury. This mini drama comprises of the prejudices and misconceptions of the jury in trying to arrive at the proper solution in the trial of first degree murder. The accused is a Hispanic - Latino, 18 years of age and the crime is the killing of his father by stabbing. During the trial, many of the incidents pointed towards the Latino being guilty. For example, the lost knife is found at the scene of the crime, the running away of the youth from the murder spot, while some witnesses heard screaming or saw the killing. In lieu of all this evidence, eleven members of the jury vote the boy guilty, except for Mr. Davis, one of the jury members who calls for a detailed discussion before granting his vote. This deliberation by the jury becomes a sort of study of the complex personalities of the jury members. It ranges from empathetic to merciless and from prejudiced to sheer arrogance. The leadership of this group can be best explained by the ‘Situational Theory’ ... o details of the facts involved, forming their own opinions in the judgment of others, some of the group showed a lack of interest and just wanted to conform to a particular situation. The group resolved these problems by a wider participation by the entire group in the decision making process, leading to better solutions to the problem. For example, all the eleven jury members join together in finding the accused guilty, but one juror Mr. Davis opposes this decision and calls for further investigation in order to arrive at the correct decision. 3. Climate: Describe the communication climate throughout most of the jury’s deliberations. What specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors contributed to this climate? The Climate during the jury’s deliberations was mixed. While some of them were more vocal about their opinions, there were others who were laid back during conversations and preferred to conform to a particular side. Since each member of the jury come from different backgrounds, they have their own frustrations and prejudices 3 which may prevent them from making the right decisions due to irrational thinking. Both verbal and non- verbal group behavior contributed towards the climate of communication of the jury. For example, juror number 7 displays a lack of interest in trying to reason out and find the right solution, while a few of the members felt that jurors five and eleven did not communicate much because of the backgrounds from which they came. 4. Conflict: Provide examples of substantive, procedural, and affective conflict. What were some of the conflict styles of group members? How successfully were conflicts resolved in the group? The first primary conflict in the case was disagreement on the verdict of guilt or innocence. While 11 jurors join together

How to run a good business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to run a good business - Essay Example After all this is done, we'll have to find a suitable place to set up the firm (where the demand of the business is more), the suitable people to run the business, proper equipment and assets and full fledge advertising to promote the business in order to attract the customers. As far as the Samah caf' is concerned, the owner would have to arrange for a large amount of capital to start off with the business as the assets and equipments used in the business will have to be state-of-the-art, up-to-date. Secondly, Samah caf' will have to opt for a suitable place to set itself up where mostly the upper class citizens or the tourists live, as the main market of the business will be sheikhs, the upper class citizens of the city and the tourists. Once the location of the business is decided, it will then have to move its attention towards the qualified staff that would be required to run and maintain the business, as they play a vital role in satisfying the customer needs as they have specialized in that field.

The Status of Women in Egyptian Society Essay Example for Free

The Status of Women in Egyptian Society Essay The article entitled â€Å"The Status of Women in Egyptian Society† illustrates how Egyptian women enjoyed more rights than their counterparts in ancient times. Unlike other societies where women had lesser rights and opportunities than men, Egyptian society posits men and women as equals.   This equality provides Egyptian women the legal and economic rights usually deprived of women. Egyptian women also derive more benefits from marriage than women from other society, according to the article.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of legal and economic rights, Egypt was ahead of other ancient societies in granting the said rights to women (Tyldesley, n. d.).   Even when Egypt was under Greek control, Egyptian women still had more rights than the women of Greece.   For instance, Greek women cannot represent themselves in legal proceedings; they need male representatives such as fathers, husbands of brothers (Tyldesley, n.d.).   In contrast, Egyptian women can represent themselves in legal proceedings; self-representation is only one of the many privileges afforded to women in Egyptian society. Other rights include the right to free slaves, right to adopt, and right to sue (Tyldesley, n.d.). Egyptian women also had the authority to carry out testaments, as well as resolve and end legal settlements (Tyldesley, n.d.). The privileges of women do not end in the legal realm; they also have influence in economy. Egyptian women are allowed to obtain possessions; they could receive gifts from either their spouse or parents. Moreover, they also have the capacity to â€Å"manage, own, and sell† property (Tyldesley, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the article, Egyptian women retain their rights even after marriage. An Egyptian woman remains independent from her husband after their marriage; he is never her legal guardian (Tyldesley, n.d.).   The properties they acquire as a couple may be under the husband’s control, but the wife’s share in that property is recognized as hers. The moment the husband dies, one-third of the property is received by the wife (Tyldesley, n.d.). In conclusion, due to the equality among men and women in Egyptian society, women are fortunate to have the rights and privileges that are not afforded to women in other ancient societies. Reaction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is such a pleasant thing to discover that in the ancient times, there was room for equality between men and women.   In general, women had always been considered as the weaker, more insignificant sex among the two.   It is surprising to find that one of the oldest civilizations had a society that placed both men and women in the same level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It took many years before women can enjoy the similar privileges granted to men.   From the right to education to the right to suffrage, women in history had struggled to be afforded the same rights as men. The efforts of these women paid off, as present society has enabled women to assume positions that were only limited to men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indeed, modern society has leveled the playing field for both men and women. At present, there are women doctors, professors, lawyers, mechanics, drivers and business executives.   Before, women were mostly confined in the home since it was considered as their realm, while the workplace used to be a male territory.   This statement no longer holds. Upon closer inspection, however, one would find that the ancient Egyptian society seemed more advanced than modern society.   This is because thousands of years before the women’s rights movement came to being, the Egyptian women already had their rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If there is one aspect of the article that is met with my disapproval, it is the fact that Egyptian society equates pregnancy with success. It is true that child-rearing and birth are essential features of being a woman.   However, she should not be measured by it.   There are women who could not have children; this does not imply that she is lesser than her fertile counterparts.   To limit the purpose of women in reproduction is in a sense, a way to objectify women in general.   The ability to rear a child should not be equated with success, as it would make those who could not bear a child seem worthless. Reference Tyldesley, J. (n.d.). The status of women in Egyptian society. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/womneg.htm

Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Ar

Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, painter, sculptor, and printmaker, was born in Malaga Spain on October 25, 1881 and died on April 8, 1973.Today he is considered to be one of the most influential and successful artists in history. Picasso contributed many things to 19th century and modern day art and his name is familiar to all those involved in the many different fields of art. Throughout the seven decades that Picasso produced artwork he used many different types of media. In each piece of art he produced he searched for new possibilities, invented images in them, and reflected events that were occurring in his world through his artwork. Picasso had many artistic influences in his life, including CÃ ©zanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and the well-known School of Fine Arts in Paris. Picasso contributed to artistic individuality when he started painting pictures in just one basic colour or one certain colour grouping. He achieved this when he did the paintings of the blue period and rose period and other artists later followed Picasso's example. Picasso contributed to artistic creativity by exploring and creating new art forms during his career such as Cubism-which was not limited to painting. This new style of cubism eventually led to the modern abstract art that is visible to us in the artwork of the modern day world. Pablo Picasso showed his interest in art as a young boy. He showed great talent at a very young age and liked to paint pictures of the city life around him. This talent of Picasso's did not go unnoticed and at age 15 he entered into the Paris School of Fine Arts in 1896 where his father was a professor (Grolier). While there Picasso experimented with many of the different avant-garde styles happening at that time which is seen throughout his career as an artist. Many other artists, such as CÃ ©zanne and Toulouse-Lautrec, influenced Picasso. Paul CÃ ©zanne was known both for his technique of putting down on canvas exactly what his eye saw in nature and for the qualities of pictorial form that he achieved through a unique treatment of space, mass, and colour and inspired Picasso to express his own impression of current events through his artwork. Another influence was Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec who was known for being a leading postimpressionist artist whose paintings, lithography, and posters contributed much to the development of ... ...ng planes, and he made the guitar's sound hole a projecting cylinder (World book). Picasso's creation of cubism led to many of the abstract art styles utilized in the modern day world. Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist extraordinaire, had many artistic influences in his life, including CÃ ©zanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and the infamous School of Fine Arts in Paris. Picasso contributed to artistic individuality by not following the works of other artists and encouraged other artists to explore art through the use of just one basic colour or one certain colour grouping. He made this contribution when he created the paintings of the Blue Period and Rose Period. Picasso also contributed to artistic creativity when he assisted in creating a new style known as cubism, which he explored through different mediums including sculptures and collages in his paintings. Cubism eventually led to the creation of abstract art that is visible today in modern day art. So, as you can see, Picasso was definitely one of the most influential and successful artists in the history of art and those who know his work and his contributions will most likely never forget his name and his contribution to the world of art. Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Ar Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, painter, sculptor, and printmaker, was born in Malaga Spain on October 25, 1881 and died on April 8, 1973.Today he is considered to be one of the most influential and successful artists in history. Picasso contributed many things to 19th century and modern day art and his name is familiar to all those involved in the many different fields of art. Throughout the seven decades that Picasso produced artwork he used many different types of media. In each piece of art he produced he searched for new possibilities, invented images in them, and reflected events that were occurring in his world through his artwork. Picasso had many artistic influences in his life, including CÃ ©zanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and the well-known School of Fine Arts in Paris. Picasso contributed to artistic individuality when he started painting pictures in just one basic colour or one certain colour grouping. He achieved this when he did the paintings of the blue period and rose period and other artists later followed Picasso's example. Picasso contributed to artistic creativity by exploring and creating new art forms during his career such as Cubism-which was not limited to painting. This new style of cubism eventually led to the modern abstract art that is visible to us in the artwork of the modern day world. Pablo Picasso showed his interest in art as a young boy. He showed great talent at a very young age and liked to paint pictures of the city life around him. This talent of Picasso's did not go unnoticed and at age 15 he entered into the Paris School of Fine Arts in 1896 where his father was a professor (Grolier). While there Picasso experimented with many of the different avant-garde styles happening at that time which is seen throughout his career as an artist. Many other artists, such as CÃ ©zanne and Toulouse-Lautrec, influenced Picasso. Paul CÃ ©zanne was known both for his technique of putting down on canvas exactly what his eye saw in nature and for the qualities of pictorial form that he achieved through a unique treatment of space, mass, and colour and inspired Picasso to express his own impression of current events through his artwork. Another influence was Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec who was known for being a leading postimpressionist artist whose paintings, lithography, and posters contributed much to the development of ... ...ng planes, and he made the guitar's sound hole a projecting cylinder (World book). Picasso's creation of cubism led to many of the abstract art styles utilized in the modern day world. Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist extraordinaire, had many artistic influences in his life, including CÃ ©zanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and the infamous School of Fine Arts in Paris. Picasso contributed to artistic individuality by not following the works of other artists and encouraged other artists to explore art through the use of just one basic colour or one certain colour grouping. He made this contribution when he created the paintings of the Blue Period and Rose Period. Picasso also contributed to artistic creativity when he assisted in creating a new style known as cubism, which he explored through different mediums including sculptures and collages in his paintings. Cubism eventually led to the creation of abstract art that is visible today in modern day art. So, as you can see, Picasso was definitely one of the most influential and successful artists in the history of art and those who know his work and his contributions will most likely never forget his name and his contribution to the world of art.

Horticultural Machineries Essay

Horticultural machinery are the various tractors, rotary cultivators, drills, sprayers, root vegetable harvesters and other equipment of interest to horticulturist POWER UNITS USED FOR HORTICULTURAL PURPOSES The need for special types of power unit and or cultivation implements arises when it is necessary to work between fruits trees or halyard, where the planting distance has already been decided and the equipment has to conform to it. narrow rows of fruits and haps sometimes necessitate the use of extremely narrow tractors, with overall widths of about 4 ft (1. m) such tractors require specially adapted mounted equipment and use among other implements, types of plough which are designed for plugging up or away from both sides of rows of haps or fruits some of special cultivation implements used include. 1. SMALL ROTARY CULTIVATORS A rotary cultivator is a tool that is used to loosen, aerate and prepare soil for new planting or to enhance the condition of soil for existing plantings . A rotary cultivator often known as rotatiller or roto cultivator consists of sharp rotating tins or blades that are typically made of steel or aluminum. The rotating tins dig into the soil, loosening and aerating the soil in a process known as cultivation. Cultivating soil is important because over a period of time soil tends to compact and harden. This can make it more difficult for plant to receive the proper level of water and nutrients. Breaking up and loosening compacted soil makes it easier for water and nutrients to flow through the soil and into plantings. A small rotary cultivator is hand held cultivator either self propelled or powered. It looks much like a lawn mower. A self propelled rotary cultivator has tins (blades) attached to a pole that is similar to a long stick and the user simply pushes it to cultivate a lawn or garden. Many self propelled cultivators have aluminum tines which some users have found to be too light weight for anything more than light grader use. There are therefore self-propelled cultivators that utilize a heavier weight metal for the rotating tines, which many find to be more effective. However, the heavier weight of these tools may make it more difficult to use for an extended period of time. A motorized cultivator is powered by a small gasoline or electric motor; it is often used on large gardens. The tines of a rotary cultivator rotate in the opposite direction of the wheel and till to a depth of 8 to 10 inches normal width of the small rotary cultivator range from 4 – 8 ft (2 – 2. 4m) with power rating ranging from 1 hp to 8 hp (0. 75kw) 2. WALKING TRACTOR The walking tractor or two-wheel tractor is a tractor with one axle self powered and self-propelled which can pull and power various farm implements such as a tractor, cultivator, or harrow, a plough or various seeders and harvesters. The operator usually walks behind it or sides the implement being towed like a four-wheel tractor, the walking tractor is designed to run many attachments with a single power source and gives thousands of hours of services. These tractors are fitted with engines of up to 3hp (2. 2 kw). Some walking tractors now constructed have a power rating of up to 12 hp. 3. NARROW TRACT TRACTOR Narrow track tractors are of interest to horticulturalist who frequently need to pull a heavy spraying machine as well as to carry out plugging and other tillage operations. Such tractors with engines of 25 – 45 hp (19 – 33 kw) may have overall dimensions as small as about 1m wide as 1. 3m high. They are fitted with 4 tyres and articulated frame steering of a type that can provide a very small turning circle, they have low weight to permit work beneath trees. Hydrostatic transmission assists in achieving a sound method of delivering power to the drive wheels. 4. COMPACT L-WHEEL TRACTOR A compact utility tractor (CUT) is a smaller version of an agricultural tractor designed primarily for landscaping and use in field with narrow spaced tracks. Typical CUTs range from 20 – 50hp (15 -37 kw) with available PTO horse power ranging from 15 – 45 (11 -34 kw) CUTs are often equipped with both a mid-mounted and standard rear PTO, especially those below 40 hp (30 kw). modern CUTs use hydrostatic transmissions but many variants of gear-drive transmissions are also offered from low priced, simple gear-transmission to advance glide-shift transmissions. CUTs require special smaller implements than full sized agricultural tractors. Very common implements include, the box blade the grader blade, the landscape rake, the post hole digger, the rotary cutter, a broadcast seeder, and a rotary tiller. SOIL CULTIVATION IMPLEMENTS 1. PLOUGH The plough is a tool used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting. It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history and represents one of the major advances in agriculture. The primary purpose of plugging is to turn over the upper layer of the soil, bringing fresh nutrients to the surface while burying weeds and weed seeds, allowing them to breakdown. It also aerates the soil, allows it to hold moisture better and provides a seed-free medium for planting on alternate crop. The plough is made up of the following components: . The Coulter The function of the coulter is to cut the soil. It is this component of the plough that clears the path. The coulter is a blade or sharp-edged disc attached to a plough so that it cuts through the soil vertically. 2. The Mold Board It is the part of the plough which pushes aside the soil, turned over by the coulter. It is either cylindrical, helical, helical ly cylindrical or a curved rod. 3. Plough-Beam The part that connects the rest of the plough with the animal or tractor. Its shape and length influences the depth of the coulter and to a lesser extent ts width. 4. Plough Share The plough-share is the central part of the plough on which the other major parts are fixed (plough-beam, mold boards coulter, contre-sep). 5. Contre-sep Allows the stabilization of the plough while supporting the hilt. Any standard steel can be used for its construction. 6. The Hilt Permits the longitudiral stabilization of the plough pliding on the bottom of the trench longitudinal stability is ensured by reaction between the ground supports on the soil, the support points on the front and the rear of plough and by the wheel. SOIL STERILIZATION Soil sterilization is a chemical or physical process that results in the death of soil organisms. This practice provides secure and quick relief of soil from substances and organisms harmful to plants such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes and other pests. Many of the organisms in the soil helps breakdown larger pieces of organic matter into small particles which are more easily absorbable by plants but they could be in the soil detrimental fungi, bacteria and insects and weed seeds. Soil sterilization helps to do away with these detrimental organisms and seed weeds. There are two major methods of soil sterilization: Chemical method and physical method. 1. Chemical methods includes the use of herbicides and fumigants 2. Physical methods include the use of steam and solar energy a. STEAM STERILIZATION Soil steaming is a farming technique that sterilizes soil with steam in open fields or green houses. Detrimental organisms and weeds are killed through induced hot steam which causes their cell structure to physically degenerate. Biologically, the method is considered a partial disinfection. Important heat-resistant, spare-farming bacteria survive and revitalize the soil after cooling down. Steaming leads to a strengthened resistance against plant disease and pests. METHOD OF STEAMING 1. Surface steaming: it is the application of heat directly on the surface of the soil using various methods which include area sheet steaming, the steaming hood, the steaming harrow, the steaming plough and vacuum steaming with drainage pipes or mobile pipe system. i. Sheet steaming: Surface steaming with special sheets is a method which has been established for decades in other to steam large areas reaching from 15 to 400m2 in one step. The usage of heat resistant, non-decomposing insulation fleece saves up to 50% energy reduces the steaming time significantly and improves penetration. The streaming time depends on soil structure as well as outside temperature and amounts to 1 – 1. 5 hour per 10 cm steaming depth. ii. Steaming with Vacuum: This is induced through a mobile or fixed installed pipe system in the depth of the area to be steamed. It is the method that reaches the best penetration. Despite high capital cost, the fixed installation of drainage system is reasonable for intensively used areas since steaming depth of up to 80 cm can be achieved. The steaming area is covered with a special steaming sheet and weighted all around as with sheet steaming. The steam is injected underneath the sheet through an injector and protection tunnel while with short areas up to 30m length steam is frontally injected, with longer areas steam is induced in the middle of the beet using a T-connection branching out to both sides. As soon as the sheet is inflated to approximately 1m by the steam pressure, the suction turbine is switched on. First, the air in the soil is removed via the suction hoses. A vacuum is formed and the steam is pulled downward. When the required steaming depth has been reached, the ventilator runs non-stop and surplus steam is blown out. To ensure that, this surplus steam is not lost, it is fed back under the sheet. iii. Steaming with hoods A steaming hood is a mobile device consisting of corrosion resistant materials such as aluminum, which is put down on to the area to be steamed. In contrast to sheet steaming, cost-intensive working steps such as lying out and weighting the sheet don’t occur, however the area steamed per working step is smaller in accordance to the size of the hood. . SOLARIZATION Solarization of soil is a much more non-chemical; environmentally friendly way of soil sterilization and this involves using the power of the sun to get rid of many disease and pests that causes damage to different types of grasses. It is a relatively easy method of sterilization and involves covering up the soil that will be established with a clear plastic material to capture the radiant heat and energ y from the sun to kill the pathogens in the soil. Not only does this method get rid of most of the unwanted diseases and pests but it also stimulates the relense of nutrients from organic matter present in the soil. c. ELECTRIC SOIL STERILIZER The electric soil sterilizer is often used for sterilization of small quantity of soil needed for the nursery or in green houses. The equipment is filled to the top of the container and then the unit is plugged in. the thermostat is then set to the correct sterilizing temperature (about 80 °c). The indicator light will glow until the batch is done. After the light goes off, wait 15 minutes, then pick up the unit and the sterilized soil will drop out the bottom. It eliminates weeds and disease, kills weeds practically 100% kills soil-borne insects and in general, all of the bacteria, fungi and virus organisms that are harmful to commercial crops. d. CHEMICAL SOIL STERILIZATION Chemical sterilization of soil refers to the use of various chemical to sterilize soil. The chemicals to be used must give off gas which is sufficiently toxic to ensure the destruction of pest, diseases and weeds, yet without harming the beneficial, organisms in the soil. The efficiency of chemical sterilization varies greatly, not because of precise chemicals involved, but because of the condition of the soil, its moisture content and most importantly, the prevailing temperature. This should also ensure even distribution in the soil to be sterilized some chemicals used for soil sterilization include: 1. Methyl bromide gas Methyl bromide is a fumigant that is most often used in vegetable and farm production. It is usually applied s gas injected into the soil and then covered by a thin plastic shield in order to slow the movement of methyl bromide from the soil to the atmosphere in that specific area. It is a dangerous chemical and when humans are exposed to high concentrations of this chemical it can result in respiratory system failure, central nervous system failure and damage to the skin, eyes and lungs. Because of the dangers associated with the application of this gas and the detrimental effects that it has on the ozone, methyl bromide is beginning to become less and less used. 2. Vapam Vapam is an effective liquid fumigant for the control of nematodes, insects, weeds and soil borne diseases. It is not very volatile which means that it is not easily evaporated At normal temperatures and before applying this chemical it is always wise to cultivate the area that is being treated in order to deliver the vapam in a uniform manner; Before application the soil moisture of the field be between 50% to 80% field capacity this chemical can be applied in a number of ways some bring through sprinkler; sprinkler and flood applications provide the best coverage and thus the most successful; this product is however toxic to fish so you should not apply this to areas where the surface water can easily be washed on to lakes or streams, 3. Basamid Basamid is a granular and eliminates weeds, nematodes grasses and soil diseases. When this chemical ingredient hits the moist soil the graduals breakdown and release gases that spread in the soil and these gases eliminate the unwanted disease or pests. When applying basamid it is very important to keep the soil wet for 2 week, prior to the application in order to meet the right soil moisture level and every incorporated on to the soil to about 15cm using a rotary cultivator or something that has this same effect . After doing this, it is important to seal the area with a plastic of some sort of properly fumigate the soil, keeping all the volatile and highly toxic gases in that specific area. SOIL STERILIZING EQUIPMENT (LOKO BOILER) A boilers or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water. The form and size depends on the application; the locomotive Boiler is portable mobile steam engine with same features as the large one. The only difference is variation in size of component part the LOKO Boiler is made up of the following part; 1. FIRE TUBE BOILER This is a single furnace, three phase type fire tube boiler. Heat-flue gases-travel is through three different sets of tubes. All the tubes are surrounded by water which absorbs the heat . As the water turns to steam, pressure builds up with in the boiler one enough pressure has built up the engineer will open the main steam outlet valve slowly. Fire tube boilers are also known as smoke tube and donkey boiler. . WATER TUBE BOILERS; The large tube like structure at the top of the boiler is called the steam drum. You could call it the heart of the boiler. That is where the steam collects before being discharged from the boiler. The hundreds of tube start and eventually end up at the steam drum. Water enters the boiler, pre-heated at the top. The hot water naturally circulates through the tubes down to the lower area where it is hot the water heats up and flow s back to the steam drum where the steam collects. Not all the water gets turn to steam, so the process starts again. Water keep on circulating until all of it turns in to or becomes steam. BOILER MAIN COMPONENTS; BOILER SHELL- The out cylindrical portion of a pressure vessel. BURNER – A device for the introduction of fuel air in to the furnace at the decreed velocities, turbulence and concentration. The burners is the principal device for the firing of oil and or gas Burners are normally located in the vertical walls of the furnace. Burners along with the furnace in which they are installed, are designed to born the fuel properly. SMOKE TUBE – The second/third phase are formed by thick walled smoke tubes which are welded in to the end plates the arrangement of the smoke tubes considers the recommendation of ascending flue passes in order to prevent the information of residual-or lingering gases the first phase is a combination of a furnace tube and combustion chamber suspended by stay bar and completely surrounded by water giving valuable radiant heat transference from all surfaces. The second pass is a nest of straight 50mm boiler tubes expanded in to the upper zone of the combustion chamber and running in parallel to the furnace tube terminating at the front plate of the reversing chamber. The third pass is a further nest of 50mm boiler tubes running from the upper zone of the reversing chamber to the rear smoke box for exhausting to atmosphere. FRONT REVERSING CHAMBERS – The front reversing chamber is equipped with large doors allowing free access to the smoke tubes and easy maintenance and cleaning High-quality tightening material guarantees the gastight closing of he doors. DRAIN TAP – A valve connection at the lowest point for the removal of all unwanted elements from the pressure parts. FEED PUMP – A pump that supplies water to a boiler. FEED WATER – water introduced into a boiler during operation. It includes make-up and return condensate. FURNACE – An enclosed space provided for the combustions of fuel. INSULATION â₠¬â€œ A material of low thermal conductivity used to reduce heat losses. SAFETY VALVE – A spring loaded valve that automatically opens when pressure attains the value setting used to prevent excessive pressure from building up in a boiler. SAFETY SHUT- OFF VALVE – A manually opened, electrically latched, electrically operated safety shut-off valve designed to automatically shut-off fuel when de-energized. WATER LEVEL – The elevation of the surface of the water in a boiler. ACCUMULATOR – A pressure vessel containing water and/or steam which is used to store the heat of steam for use at a lale period at some lower pressure. FIRE BOX – The fire box is surrounded by water in the outer fire box shell and so absorbing radiant heat from the fire. The gap between the inner and outer fire boxes is maintained by hundreds of rigid stays. AIR ATOMIZING OIL BURNER A burner for firing oil in which the oil is atomized by compressed air, which is forced into and through one or more streams of oil which result in the breaking of the oil into a fine spray. BAFFLE-TYPE COLLECTOR; A device in gas paths utilizing baffle so arranged as to deflect dust particles out of the gas stream. BAG FILTER; A device containing one or more cloth bags revering particles from the dust lateen gas or air which is blown through it . BAG-TYPE COLLECTOR; A filter in which the cloth filtering medium is made in the form of cylindrical bags. BREECHING; A duct that transports the products of combustion between parts of a steam generating unit or to the stack. CIRCULATOR; A pipe or tube to pass stream or water between upper boiler drums usually lactated where the heat absorption is low. Also used to apply to tubes connecting heater of horizontal water tube boilers with drums. STEAM GENERATING UNIT: A unit to which water fuel and air supplied and in which steam is generated. t consists of a boiler furnace and fuel burning equipment, and may include as component parts water walls, super heater, reheater, economizer, air heater, or any combination thereof. STEAM SEPARATOR: A device for removing the entrained water from steam. STRAINER: A device, such as a filter, to retain solid particles allowing a liquid to pass. SMOKE BOX: The smoke box is an extension of the front end of the boiler barrel. Exhaust steam from the cylin der passes through the blast pipe into the chimney and creates partial vacuum. This causes hot gases to be drown through the grate and fine hole door. The smoke box also contains the main steam pipe to the steam chest, blower, super heater header, tube and exhaust for the vacuum ejector where fitted. BRICK ARCH: The brick arch serves several purpose. It protects the fire box tube plate from the direct flame of the fire, radiates heat to prevent rapid fluctuation of the tube plate temperature and ensure thorough combustion of volatiles by lengthening their path from the fire to the tube plate. FIRE DOOR: Fire hole door vary from locomotive to locomotive. They gives access to firing and can be adjusted to control the flow of secondary air. BAFFLE PLATE: The baffle plate place in the fire hole is designed to direct the secondary air down towards the fired bed in order to mix thoroughly with the hot gases and flames. FUSIBLE PLUGS: Fusible plugs are screwed into the fire box crown. They are of brass and have a lead cure. If the water level in the boiler drop and uncovers the fire box crown, the lead melt allowing steam to escape into the fire box. This warns the engine men and help to deaden the fire. Both injectors should be put off immediately if this occurs and steps taken to remove or deaden the fire. SUPERHEATER: The super heater consists of super heater header and super heater elements. Steam from the main steam pipe arrives at the saturated steam chamber of the super heater header and is fed into the super heater element. Super heated steam arrives back at the super heater chamber of the super heater header and is fed into the steam pipe to the cylinder. Super heated steam is more expensive. ENERGY SAVING DEVICES OF THE BOILER Economizers: Transfer a portion of the heat in the stack gases to water being fed to the boiler. It is a heat exchanger installed in the exhaust stack that pre-heats the boiler feed water. AIR PRE HEATER: Transfer heat from hot stack gas to air that is to be mixed with fuel for combustion this device saves energy by increasing the temperature of the mixture of fuel and air prior to combustion, so more of the heat of combustion is available to heat water. TURBULATORS: Twisted pieces of metal inserted in the tubes of fire tub boilers, causes hot gases to travel more slowly and with more turbulence, resulting in better heat transfer to the water. OXYGEN TRIM CONTROLS: Measure stack gas oxygen concentration and automatically adjust the inlet air at the burner for optimum efficiency. . 1 ORCHARD EQUIPMENT Orchard equipments refer to the various machines (simple and complex) used on an orchard. Some of the machines include: pruners, sprayers, weeders, dusters, etc. The selection of choice of any of these machines is dependent on the nature of work to be carried out at that material time. PRUNERS – Also known as pruning shears or secateurs are a type of scissors for cu tting off hard branches of trees and shrubs. They are strong enough to prune hard branches of trees and shrubs sometimes up to two centimeters thick. SPRAYERS: A sprayer is a piece of equipment that has spray nozzle to apply herbicides and fertilizers to agricultural crops. Sprayers range in sizes from man-portable units to trailed types that are connected to a tractor or other self propelled units. There are various types of sprayers which include knap sack, foot, garden, Hand compression, power, stirrup, self-propelled crop sprayer, trailed crop sprayer, etc. COMPONENTS OF SPRAYING EQUIPMENT 1. TANK: The tank is a unit which holds chemicals, and comes in many different shapes and sizes. 2. PUMP: The pump creates pressure that forces the chemical to the nozzles. 3. CONTROL VALVE: The control valve controls or maintains pressure and turn off the sprayer. 4. NOZZLE TIP: The nozzle tip controls application rate and produce the correct size droplets. 5. FILTER: The filter is a unit behind the nozzle tip to reduce entrance or passage of dirty particles and blockage into the system. TYPES OF SPRAYING EQUIPMENTS 1. ULTRA-LOW VOLUME (ULV) SPRAYERS: ULV equipment is designed to produce very small droplets, thus ensuring even coverage with low volumes. The equipment is based on aerosol, airshear or rotary nozzle techniques. The ultra low volume machines use large volumes of air at low pressures to transform liquid into droplets that are dispersed into the atmosphere. Ultra low volume machines are used for applying pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, sterilizers and disinfectants among other chemicals. The ultra low volume machine consists of a blower, a formulation holding tank and a pump. The blower creates a low pressure area and forces air through the nozzles of the machine. Air pressure can be controlled by adjusting the engine speed. The nozzles of the machines have a very specific shape, which causes a swiring motion of the air stream. The motion is achieved by means of several agitationary fins that forces the air to rotate. The formulation is delivered to the air by means of a supply tube that is situated in the centre of the nozzles. The motion of the airshears the liquid formulation into very small droplets and then disperses it into the atmosphere. Advantages 1. The chemicals dispersed in this type of machine are more concentrated than the chemicals used in other spraying equipments, which increase the killing efficiency. 2. There is lower risk of injury due to low pressure application. The only disadvantage it has is that it requires long application times and higher technical skills. 2. KNAPSACK PRAYERS: The knapsack sprayer is a back mounted equipment used by farmers. The tank of a knapsack sprayer is not pressurized and made of grass, or galvanized steel. The pump may be fitted into or outside the tank and sucks the liquid from the tank and expels it through the discharge line. DUSTERS: Dusters usually refer to an aircraft used for dusting or spraying large farms with pesticides, though other types of dusters are also employed. Aerial spraying and dusting permits prompt coverage of large areas at the moment when application of pesticides is most effective and avoid the need for wheeled vehicles that might damage crops. COMPONENT PARTS OF A DUSTER: 1. HOPPER – For storing the chemicals in dust form 2. AGITATOR – An agitator is used to keep the dust moving freely within the hopper and prevent caking. 3. Metering mechanism- which is usually an adjustable orifice that allows the rate of discharge to be varied. 4. Delivery blower – which creates an airstream that is used to carry the powder to the target? The major difference between dusters and sprayers is that a sprayer is a machine that applies fluid chemicals to crops in liquid form while a duster is a machine that also applies fluid chemicals but in powdered form. WEEDERS: Weeders refers to the various equipments used to ease the task of removing weeds from orchards or gardens. Very common weeders include the fulcrum weeders, the Cape Cod weeders, and the cracle weeder. These weeders come in two styles: short handled weeders and long handled weeders. Short handled weeders are preferred for small gardens with small plants while long handled weeders are for bigger gardens that have bigger weeds. 3. 0. SORTING AND GRADING OF HORT. CROPS Sorting separates into groups different physical properties while grading separates into groups with different quality characteristics. Sorting and grading are usually the last separating operations before processing or displaying crops for sale. It should however be noted that damages at the stages of sorting and grading are likely to result in substantial economics loss. REASONS FOR SORTING AND GRADING OF HORT. CROPS Sorting and grading of Horticultural crops controls the effectiveness of the subsequent operations because; 1. Sorted and graded products are better suited to mechanical operations such as peeling, blending , etc e. g. use of caustic soda or boiling water with vegetables which helps flavor. 2. Sorting and grading is necessary in processes which heat transfer is critical e. g. sterilization. 3. Sorting and grading is advantageous in processes in which uniformity of heat transfer is desirable e. g. dehydration. 4. Sorting and grading of crops gives better control weights filled with standard scale container. . Sorted and graded products fare more attractive in consumer use, and allows the sizing of uniformly catering packs like packets of biscuits. Grading and quality separation of Horticultural crops depends on an overall assessment of those properties of the crops which affect its acceptance as a food or as a working substance for the food processor. Grading factors may be grouped un der the following: size and shape, maturity (e. g. freshness of eggs, ripeness in fruits, aging in meat), texture (e. g hardness, crispness in corn flakes) and flavor and aroma. GRADING MACHINERY Grading for size and quality is an essential preliminary to marketing of fruits and vegetables grown on commercial holdings, and many types of machines are available to assist this work. Some are cheap and simple sizing or weighing machines for grading produce which has been sorted for quality before hand. Others are complex and expensive machines which incorporate devices to facilitate sorting for quality, accurate sizing mechanisms and bins to facilitate packing. Grading machinery may be grouped broadly into those which grade by diameter and those which grade by weight. Machines which grade3 by diameter very greatly. Some size in only one or two directions, while others rotate the produce and thereby achieve a more accurate sizing. In general, machines that grade by diameter tend to have higher output, or are rather less expensive for given output then those which grade by Weight. On the other hand, a good weight grader has many advantages. It can be used for any shape, is easily adjustable and can be used for crops that are easily blemished. Grading by weight can also be more accurate than grading by diameter, though good diameter type graders are usually accurate enough for practical purposes. Good graders do little damage to apples, most of the bruising that does occur being caused when the fruit roots into the receiving bin. This is usually negligible compared with damage incurred in picking, and getting fruit to the grader. Output of graders varies widely according to the number and ability of the operators, as well as according to the machines and auxiliary equipment employed. Some graders are equipped with automatic box-tipping devices for loading. The graders in large-scale apple-packing stations are often fed by first immersing the boxes in water and then handling the fruit on to the drier by floatation. Outputs on such high-speed machines are frequently limited by the speed of packing. No one grading machine has all the advantages, so choice of a grader requires careful consideration of the most important needs for the conditions in which it is to be used. It is not possible to give an adequate description of any individual machine but below is a brief description of some of the grading machines: 1. SIZE GRADERS: This operates in two ways as follows; a. Produce falls through a circular hole of fixed size. In machines of this type the sizing board has a number of rows of holes of different sizes , and the crop is carried along by means of a series of wooden laths operated by a crank mechanism. The effect is to move the produce, without pushing or rolling it, to successively larger holes, until it falls through. b. As produce moves along conveyor, size of opening increases. Graders with mechanisms of this type are common, and include apple graders, in which the fruit is rapidly rolled along by a soft rubber belt, while leaning against a rubber barrier set at a gradually increasing distance from the belt, and machines with diverging rubber belts. . WEIGHT GRADERS: In weight graders, each fruit rests in an individual hinged cup, and for much of the journey along the conveyor the cup and fruit are supported in an upright position by a fixed guide rail. At suitable intervals, however, the support is provided by an adjustable lever-type weighing device. When the moment exerted by fruit and c up is sufficient, the cup tips, and deposits the fruit into its appropriate bin. 5. 0 MECHANICAL HARVESTING OF HORTICULTURAL FRUITS HARVESTING: Is the process of gathering mature crops or fruits from the fields. Harvesting marks the end of the growing cycle for a particular crop, and the harvest is the focus of a growing season. It is the most labour intensive activity of the growing season. Mechanical harvesting equipment tends to be designed mainly for fruits which are to be processed rather than those for fresh market. The main types of equipment used are combing devices and vibrators, Black currant harvester with shakers, as well as redcurrant harvesters with similar shaker units for grapes. Also available are slider cranks, tree shakers which make use of catching and collecting devices mostly applicable for olives. IMPORTANCE OF TIME OF HARVESITN OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS 1. It reduces wastage of crop produce since most fruits tend to rot when not harvested in time. 2. It gives the farmer more quality yield. When fruits in particular are harvested before they are fully ripe, they tend to be sour. 3. Timely harvesting of leafy vegetables gives room to greater yield as the cut away leaves give room for more to shoot out. COMPONENTS PARTS OF A MECHANICAL FRUIT HARVESTER 1. An impactor for dislodging fruits from a fruit-bearing tree limb mounted on a positioning arm. The arm moves up, down, forward, backward and twists. 2. A collecting conveyor for catching and conveying the dislodged fruits. The conveyor is supported by a frame and is comprised of series of supporters covered by a catching surface having an energy-absorbing flexible material. 3. A transfer conveyor which is supported by a frame and is placed below the outlet of the collecting conveyor. It receives fruits from the collecting conveyor. 4. A collecting Bin which is place below the outlet of the trans conveyor in which harvested fruits are deposited.

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirteen

Bonnie clutched the banana-nut muffin to her chest as if it was some kind of sacred offering. She just could not bring herself to knock on Matt's door. Instead, she turned big pleading brown eyes on Meredith and Elena. â€Å"Oh, Bonnie,† Meredith muttered, reaching past her, shifting the pile of bagels and the carton of orange juice she was carrying, and rapping loudly on the door. â€Å"I don't know what to say,† Bonnie whispered back, agonized. Then the door opened, and Matt appeared, red-eyed and pale. He seemed somehow smal er and more hunched into himself than Bonnie had ever seen him. Overwhelmed with pity, she forgot al about being nervous and launched herself into his arms, dropping the muffin in the process. â€Å"I'm so sorry,† she choked out, tears running down her face. Matt held on to her tightly, bending over and burying his head in her shoulder. â€Å"It's okay,† she said final y, desperately, patting the back of his head. â€Å"I mean, no, it's not †¦ of course it's not †¦ but we love you, we're here.† â€Å"I couldn't help him,† Matt said dul y, his face stil pressed against Bonnie's neck. â€Å"I tried my best, but he died anyway.† Elena and Meredith joined them, wrapping their arms around Matt from either side. â€Å"We know,† Elena said, rubbing his back. â€Å"You did everything you could for him.† Matt pul ed out of their arms eventual y and gestured around the room. â€Å"Al this stuff is his,† he said. â€Å"His parents don't feel like they're ready to clear out his things yet, they told the police. It's kil ing me to see it al stil here when he's not. I thought about packing it up for his parents, but there's a possibility that the police might want to look through his stuff.† Bonnie shuddered at the thought of what Christopher's parents must be going through. â€Å"Have something to eat,† Meredith said. â€Å"I bet you haven't eaten for ages. Maybe it'l help you feel better.† Al three girls fussed around, fixing the breakfast they'd brought for Matt, then convincing him to taste something, anything. He drank some juice and picked at a bagel, his head lowered. â€Å"I was at the police station al night,† he said. â€Å"I had to keep going over and over what happened.† â€Å"What did happen?† Bonnie asked tentatively. Matt sighed. â€Å"I real y wish I knew. I just saw somebody dressed in black running away from Christopher. I wanted to chase him, but Chris needed my help. And then he died. I tried, but I couldn't do anything.† His forehead creased into a frown. â€Å"The real y weird thing, though,† he said slowly, â€Å"is that, even though I saw a person running away, the police think Christopher was attacked by some kind of animal. He was †¦ pretty ripped up.† Elena and Meredith exchanged an alert glance. â€Å"A vampire?† said Meredith. â€Å"Or a werewolf, maybe?† â€Å"I was wondering about that,† Matt admitted. â€Å"It makes sense.† Without seeming to notice, he finished his bagel, and Elena took advantage of his distraction to slip some fruit onto his plate. Bonnie wrapped her arms around herself. â€Å"Why?† she asked. â€Å"Why is it that, wherever we go, weird, scary things happen around us? I thought that once we left Fel ‘s Church things would be different.† No one argued with her. For a little while, they al sat quietly, and Bonnie felt as if they were huddling together, trying to protect themselves from something cold and horrible. Final y, Meredith reached out and took an orange slice off Matt's plate. â€Å"The first thing we need to do, then, is to investigate and try to figure out if these attacks and disappearances are supernatural.† She chewed thoughtful y. â€Å"As much as I hate to say it, we should probably get Damon on this. He's good at this kind of thing. And Stefan should know what's going on, too.† She looked at Elena, her voice gentle. â€Å"I'l talk to them, okay, Elena?† Elena shrugged. Bonnie could tel she was trying to keep her expression blank, but her lips were trembling. â€Å"Of course,† she said after a minute. â€Å"I'm sure they're both checking things out anyway. You know how paranoid they are.† â€Å"Not without reason,† Meredith said dryly. Matt's eyes were wet. â€Å"Whatever happens, I need you to promise me something,† he said. â€Å"Please, be careful. I can't – let's not lose anyone else, okay?† Bonnie snuggled closer to him, putting her hand on his. Meredith reached over and placed her hand over both of theirs, and Elena added hers to the pile. â€Å"We'l take care of one another,† Elena said. â€Å"A vow,† said Bonnie, trying to smile. â€Å"We'l always watch out for one another. We'l make sure everyone is safe.† At that moment, as they murmured in agreement, she was sure they could do it. Meredith pivoted and stepped forward, swinging her staff down to strike at Samantha's heavily padded knees. Samantha dodged the blow, then jabbed her own staff straight toward Meredith's head. Meredith blocked the blow, then thrust her staff at Samantha's chest. Samantha staggered backward and lost her footing. â€Å"Wow,† she said, rubbing her col arbone and looking at Meredith with a mixture of resentment and appreciation. â€Å"That hurt, even with the padding. I've never trained with anyone so strong before.† â€Å"Oh, Well,† Meredith said modestly, feeling absurdly pleased, â€Å"I practice a lot.† â€Å"Uh-huh,† Samantha said, eyeing her. â€Å"Let's take a break.† She flopped down on the mat, and Meredith, her staff balanced lightly in one hand, sat beside her. It wasn't her staff, of course, not her special hunting one. She couldn't bring her heirloom slayer staff to the gym – it was too clearly a customized deadly weapon. But she'd been delighted to learn that Samantha could fight with a four-foot-long jo staff and that she had an extra. Samantha was quick and smart and fierce, one of the best sparring partners she'd ever had. Fighting, Meredith was able to block out the helpless feeling she'd had in Matt's room this morning. There was something so pathetic about seeing al Christopher's things sitting there ready for him, when he was never coming back. He had one of those weird little fake Zen gardens on his desk, the sand neatly groomed. Maybe just the day before, Christopher had picked up the tiny rake in his hand and smoothed the sand, and now he'd never touch anything again. And it was her fault. Meredith squeezed her staff, her knuckles whitening. She had to accept that. If she had the power of being a potent force against darkness, a hunter and slayer of monsters, she had the responsibility, too. Anything that got through and kil ed someone in her territory was Meredith's failure and her shame. She had to work harder. Practice more, go out patrol ing the campus, keep people safe. â€Å"Are you al right?† Samantha's voice broke through Meredith's thoughts. Startled, Meredith saw Samantha staring at her with wide, solemn dark eyes, taking in Meredith's gritted teeth and clenched fists. â€Å"Not entirely,† said Meredith dryly. â€Å"Um.† She felt like she had to explain her grimness. â€Å"Did you hear about what happened last night, the guy who was kil ed?† Samantha nodded slowly, her expression unreadable. â€Å"Well, he was the roommate of a real y good friend of mine. And I was with my friend today, trying to help him. It was †¦ upsetting.† Samantha's face seemed to harden, and she scrambled up on her knees. â€Å"Listen, Meredith,† she said, â€Å"I promise you this isn't going to happen again. Not on my watch.† â€Å"On your watch?† Meredith asked mildly. Suddenly, it felt hard to breathe. â€Å"I have responsibilities,† Samantha said. She dropped her eyes to her hands. â€Å"I'm going to catch this kil er.† â€Å"It's a big job,† Meredith said. It wasn't possible, was it? But Samantha was such a good fighter, and what she was saying †¦ why would she think she was responsible for stopping the kil er? â€Å"What makes you think you can do it?† she asked. â€Å"I know this is difficult to believe, and I shouldn't even be tel ing you, but I need your help.† Samantha was looking straight into her eyes, practical y vibrating with earnestness. â€Å"I'm a hunter. I was raised to†¦ I have a sacred trust. Al my family for generations, we've fought against evil. I'm the last of us. My parents were kil ed when I was thirteen.† Meredith gasped, shocked, but Samantha shook her head fiercely, pushing Meredith's sympathy away. â€Å"They hadn't finished training me,† she continued, â€Å"and I need you to help me get better, get faster. I'm not strong enough yet.† Meredith stared at her. â€Å"Please, Meredith,† Samantha said. â€Å"I know it sounds crazy, but it's true. People are depending on me.† Unable to stop herself, Meredith started to laugh. â€Å"It's not a joke,† Samantha said, jumping to her feet, her fists clenched. â€Å"This is†¦ I shouldn't have said anything.† She stalked toward the door, her back as straight as a soldier's. â€Å"Samantha, wait,† Meredith cal ed. Samantha whirled back toward her with a face ful of fury. Meredith took a quick breath and tried desperately to remember something she'd learned as a child but never had occasion to use. Crooking her pinkies together, she drew up her thumbs to make a triangle, the secret sign of greeting between two hunters. Samantha just stared at her, face perfectly blank. Meredith wondered if she remembered the sign correctly. Had Samantha's family even taught it to her? Meredith knew there were other families out there, but she had never met any of them before. Her parents had left the hunter community before she was born. Then Samantha, moving as quickly as she ever had when they'd sparred, was before her, gripping her arms. â€Å"For real?† Samantha said. â€Å"Are you serious?† Meredith nodded, and Samantha threw her arms around her and clutched her tightly. Her heart was beating so hard that Meredith could feel it. Meredith stiffened at first – she wasn't the touchy-feely type, despite being best friends with wildly affectionate Bonnie for years – but then relaxed into the hug, feeling Samantha's slim, muscular body under her arms, so like her own. She had the strangest feeling of familiarity, as if she had been lost and had now found her true family at last. Meredith knew she could never say any of that, and part of her felt like she was betraying Elena and Bonnie just by thinking that way, but she couldn't help it. Samantha pul ed away, smiling and weepy, wiping at her eyes and nose. â€Å"I'm acting stupid,† she said. â€Å"But this is the best thing that ever happened to me. Together, we can fight this.† She gave a half-hysterical sniff and gazed at Meredith with huge shining eyes. â€Å"I feel like I've made a new best friend,† she said. â€Å"Yes,† Meredith said – not weeping, not laughing, cool as ever on the outside but, inside, feeling like she was breaking into happy pieces – â€Å"yes, I think you're right.†

Citing Conference Proceedings - Harvard Style

Citing Conference Proceedings - Harvard Style Citing Conference Proceedings – Harvard Style Every now and then, intellectuals climb down from their ivory towers and gather to swap ideas and discuss research. These are known as academic conferences and often serve as the ground from which new ideas grow. As such, you may need to cite conference proceedings – the collected presentations given at a conference in published form – when writing a paper. Most referencing systems have a format for how to cite this kind of source, so it’s important to familiarize yourself with the rules. Herein we provide details of how to cite conference proceedings using Harvard style referencing. There are other referencing systems available, though, so remember to check which system your college or school prefers. Published Proceedings The papers presented at a conference are often published as a collection known as the conference proceedings. If you need to cite the entire proceedings of a conference, the format to use is: Surname, Initial(s). (Year) Full Title of Conference Proceedings. Conference Location, Date. City of Publication, Publisher. So, for example, if you were citing the proceedings of the Third Annual Proofed Conference as a whole, it would appear in your reference list as: Proofed (2015). Proceedings of the Third Annual Proofed Conference. Cambridge, May 24-27, 2015. Cambridge, PMP Publications. More commonly, you’ll want to cite one paper from published conference proceedings. In this case, your reference should include the specific paper you’re citing followed by where it can be found: Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year) Title of Paper, Full Title of Conference. Location, Date. City of Publication, Publisher, page range. If, then, you wanted to cite Alan Presenter’s paper from the Third Annual Proofed Conference, it would appear in your reference list as: Presenter, A. (2015) The Glory of Conferences, Proceedings of the Third Annual Proofed Conference. Cambridge, May 24-27, 2015. Cambridge, PMP Publications, pp. 105-127. You may also need to include access details for papers found online (e.g., a URL and a date of access). Unpublished Presentations More occasionally, you may want to cite a presentation you saw at a conference, but which isn’t available in published form. In these cases, you’ll need to provide the following details in your reference list: Contributor’s Surname, Initial(s). (Year) Title of Presentation, paper presented at Title of Conference. Location, Date. If you were to cite Alan Presenter’s paper before it was published, the reference list entry would therefore look like this: Presenter, A. (2015) The Glory of Conferences, paper presented at Proceedings of the Third Annual Proofed Conference. Cambridge, MA, May 24-27, 2015.

Research About Buddha Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research About Buddha - Essay Example It was approximately four hundred years later that the traditions were written down, though by then the majority of the deeper teachings had been forgotten or altered because of the oral passing. Gautama as Buddha is something that has been debated, since there was no real proof - at least none that scholars could find - about the life and times of Gautama (Kerouac, 2008). However, this is the case in many religions; a religion, though, would not be what it is without faith from the practitioner. All the same, there are many claims about Gautamas life that have not been proven, yet these are part of his teachings. It is pretty uncommon when the physical appearance of a god or a spiritual figure is important, though this is not so much the case when it comes to spiritual paths like Buddhism or Paganism. The physical appearance of Buddha actually plays a large role in how Buddha is regarded and worshipped in Buddhism. Buddha had a very welcoming appearance, one that would make people comfortable to approach him. However, due to the fact that very little could be proven about Buddhas "human" life, there is a lot of controversy surrounding what he really looked like. The common portrayal of Buddha is of a fat man with long, stretched out earlobes. The appearance that scholars have come to declare as his, however, is that of a man who was fit and healthy, as he had had military training while he was growing up (Armstrong, 2004). Many argue and say that the former description is of Buddha as the godlike figure, while the latter appearance is what he looked like in his human persona. While the godlike figure does not need to be questioned, as this is similar to many other godlike images in spiritual paths, there is very little to be said about how Buddha looked in real life - there is simply not enough evidence to prove against it or in its favor. Buddha is one of the few rare spiritual leaders who was not necessarily considered a god or a deity of any

The Economics and Governance of Innovation and Institutions Essay

The Economics and Governance of Innovation and Institutions - Essay Example Innovations are associated with basic and radical transformations in an organization’s operations, and can be triggered by factors such as technological advancement, increased competition and quality standards among other aspects of the external environment. Through innovation, firms are able to capitalize on strengths and to take opportunity over competitors’ weaknesses. This paper discusses the reasons why innovation processes may exhibit different features in different industries. Definitions of Key Terms Innovation- a process of transforming an idea in to a product or service. This is forms the foundation of this paper Consumer decision making process- a process through which consumers make decisions on whether to buy a product or service. It affects acceptance of innovative products Product differentiation- production of distinct products allowing consumers a wide variety of products to choose from. It results from product innovation Features of Innovation in Diffe rent Industries Pavit (1984) established that innovation originates from the application of creative ideas to develop marketable products from the existing ones. ... Customer preferences change with time and therefore continuous assessment of the market is needed. Innovations targeted at consumer satisfaction depend on research that helps managers to determine market dynamics in terms of consumer preferences. Malerba & Orsenigo (1997) present a perspective of constant brand extension to maintain a firm’s performance. Brand extension is a significant strategy used by firms in marketing whereby the name of a popular brand in the market is used to market an innovative brand from the same company. The spin-off, which is the new product, is unlikely to be known by consumers on its own. The brand name under which it is sold may encourage consumers since they associate it with the quality of the original product. Brand extension raises a firm’s profitability since it deals with various products. The attitude of consumers towards a particular brand determines the success of the firm in extending it (Pavit, 1984). The higher the value attach ed to the brand, the more a firm is likely to succeed in its extension. Moreover, the satisfaction derived from both products matters since the more related the products are in terms of utility, the more consumers are likely to accept the extended brand. Brand extension also revitalizes the diminishing image of the original brand (Nelson, 1991). Consumers in most situations are attracted to an innovative firm whereby they are presented with creative products that they believe are an advancement of the old brand. The new products make the old brand to reappear or become more frequent than before in the market. With the understanding that the new product has an added value, they are likely to